Nuremberg laws

Anti Semitic (hatred) laws against Jews, originated by the Nazi Government in 1935 . Purpose of the Nuremberg laws  based on the belief of scientific racism ,Separate Jews from Germans (Aryans) and Deprived Jews of German citizenship.

Chapter 17 Revolutions of industrialization

What I learned about chapter 17 is that Europe's modern  transformation had a greater significance for the history of the humankind   than the industrial Revolution which took place in 1750 and 1900. French revolution transformed European society , agricultural revolution some 12,000 years ago had a way of life been so fundamentally altered. Industrial Revolution in Great Britain, spread much more rapidly than agriculture. More than Christianity, democracy or capitalism. Industrial Revolution marks a human response to that dilemma as non renewable fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas replaced the endlessly renewable energy sources of Wind, water and wood. Technological innovations: The Spinning Jenny, Power Loom, Steam Engine, Cotton Gin = culture of innovation. The new societies of the Americas offered a growing number market for European machine produced goods  and generated substantial profits for European merchants and entrepreneurs.Those who benefited the most from industrialization were members of that amorphous group called the middle class

Chapter 20 Collapse At The Center World War , Depression , & The Rebalancing of Global Power 1914 -1970s

 The  conflict of the " Great War " which came to be called the First World War  or World War 1 (1914- 1998 ) achieved the twentieth century. European civil war provoked the  Russian Revolution and the start of world communism.  The beginnings of world  communism followed by the economic meltdown of the Great Depression and the horror of the Holocaust. The dominating center of the modern system inflicted self destructed with long term implications. The war brought social and cultural changes. The return of the veterans back into the civilian life was not a easy task as they had experienced gruesome things in war such as the death of a friend or killing someone in combat. They had a program called " homes for heros ". Women had to return back home and leave factory work where they couldn't do " men's jobs" . The war had affected tradition  in various ways.  The Great war brought a number of new states into existences.   

Empire in Collision

Focus 

To review the reforms initiated by  the Ottoman rulers in the mid - nineteenth century.

A model of a centralized government.

imperial ------ Absolute  ------ regional government  

court                  rule                              ↑

 ↑                                                         civil

                                                                ↑ 

civil                                                   military 

↑                                                              ↑

military                                                   legal religious 

↑                                                             

legal 

Ottoman empire 

-political  structures; 

- government : centralized state 

- grand vizier : second to sultan , oversaw the daily operations of government    

- regional governors : collected taxes, provided soldiers to emperor , And oversaw the running of provinces within the empire.

Decline of the Ottoman empire 

- By the 18th century , Ottoman empire began to decline : 

- political : Shifea from a merit system to a hereditary system. 

- economic : breakdown  of two collection , wars ,and expenses of the royal household contributed to decline.

- social : relgious and ethic groups began to challange Authority of the Ottmans. 

Chapter 15

Christian Humanism 
- Christian humanism sought to reform the Catholic church.Stressing a rationalized approach to faith. 
- Christian humanism established schools to educate christians in their faith.
-Christians Humanism  laid the foundation for the protestant reformation. 

Chapter 14 Economic Transformation + documents

Focus: Explore economic transformations of the early modern era (1450-1750)

Examine the origins of the transatlantic slave trade.

Origins of transatlantic slave trade.

- Portuguese traders import African slaves into America in mid 1500s.

-Spanish & portuguese required cheap labor for mining & plantation system.

-Used Native americans as enslaved labor initially.

- Shifted to african enslaved labor due to American resistance to European diseases and knowledge of mining and cultivation of sugar.

Transatlantic slave trade

-from 1500-1800 slaves trade transported 10-15 million Africans to the Americans.

-Portuguese introduced African slavery into the Americans.

-African slavery became a foundation for economic transformations of the early Modern period. 

Africa and global trade

- West African Kingdoms derived their wealth from the gold trade .

-West African Kingdom supplied gold to kingdoms of Europe.Asia,to central Asia.

-From 900-1500, West African Kingdom had a monopoly on gold.

African trade & slavery 

- West African Kingdoms participated in intra- African slave trade.

-Inter- tribal Warfare led to slavery within Africa.

-With trans-regional trade, African slaves endured forced migration to other parts of the world.

The documents for chapter 14 we had to see the image and analyze it . The illustration in  14.1 we see Tea and Porcelain in Europe in the eighteenth   century tea was becoming popular as well as the Chinese teacups.Tea came to Europe in the sixteenth century in Portuage ships. Tea was expensive  and only the wealthy were able to have it. the price dropped and the supply increased and by the 18th century is had spread in Europe. Tea wasn't the only thing that became popular the Chinese tea cups without handles became poplar as well. Like many other porcelain products they had been made by Chinese artisans. 

Chapter 13

Chapter 13 talks about the development of the Empires and encounters in the time period of 1450-1750.
The early Modern Era from 1450-1750 when empire building was a global process. Empire building  during the twentieth and twenty - first century was difficult as well as " imperialist" it had became a source of insult rather than joy and pride. Massive changes occurred  old societies had been destroyed and new societies had arose as Native Americans, Europeans and Africans came into contact with one another for the first time in world history. 
Positive &  Negative of  Imperialism
         The Great Dying Enormous death toll caused by Old World diseases such as smallpox,measles,typhus, influenza,malaria, and later yellow fever.  In many cases losing up to 90 percent of the population. this is heartbreaking that so many people died.Smallpox is the most devastating diseases known to humanity. Many died from this plague but many others died of hunger. Due to them not being able to get up to search for food and everyone else being sick to care for them they starved to death in their beds. If they would have had the right resources to be able to have the food they needed they would have been able to survive.
                      Trade and globalization 
 The Columbian exchange an enormous network of communication of labor - migration  and slavery, trade , transfer of plants and animals. Export and imports of diseases , silver, and ideas , and development of global markets. 
To Europe Corn, potatoes,cassava ( tapioca) peanuts,silver , and probably syphilis 
To America Rice, sugarcane,grapes,horses,pigs,cattle,goats,sheep,smallpox,and slavery.